Resumo Técnicas que envolvem a obtenção de argilas organofílicas vêm sendo estudadas por diversos pesquisadores, com o intuito de otimizar o processo de obtenção e garantir um produto de melhor qualidade. Todo estudo está embasado no fato dessas argilas apresentarem uma vasta gama de aplicações na engenharia. Porém, trabalhos que enfatizam o estudo químico desses processos atualmente são pouco frequentes. Desta forma, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a sorção de tensoativos iônicos e não iônicos em argilas bentoníticas. No processo de organofilização utilizou-se a argila Brasgel, sendo organofilizada com dois tensoativos, o TA 50 (com 100% de matéria ativa) e o WB (com 81,26% de matéria ativa). Nas dispersões foram utilizadas cinco concentrações porcentuais em massa de diferentes argilas variando de 3,16% a 7,16%. Cada concentração de argila foi organofilizada com quatro concentrações de tensoativo. As isotermas de sorção foram construídas através dos dados de termogravimetria e ajustadas ao modelo linear e de Freundlich. A partir das isotermas inferiu-se que os mecanismos envolvidos na sorção são a adsorção em multicamada (para os dois tensoativos utilizados) e a adsorção cooperativa (apenas para o WB), sendo o teor de argila com maior capacidade de sorção o de 3,16%.

Abstract Techniques for obtaining organoclays have been studied by many researchers, intending to optimize the preparation process and to ensure a good quality product. These studies are based on the fact that such clays present a wide range of applications in engineering. However, works that emphasize the chemical study of these processes are less frequent. Thus, the main objective of this work was to study the sorption of ionic and non-ionic surfactants in bentonite clays. In organophilization process the Brasgel clay was used, with two surfactants, TA 50 (with 100% active matter) and WB (with 81.26% active matter). In dispersions five different concentrations (%w/w) of clay from 3.16% to 7.16% were used. Each clay concentration was organophilized with four different concentrations of surfactant. The sorption isotherms were constructed using the thermogravimetry data, and adjusted to the linear and Freundlich models. From the isotherms, it was inferred that the mechanisms involved in the sorption are multilayer adsorption (for two surfactants used) and cooperative adsorption (for WB); and the clay content of 3.16% had the higher sorption capacity.

The radial nerve is a terminal branch of the brachial plexus that innervates the entire posterior compartment of the upper limb. Researches have shown that the branches can contribute to innervation of the muscles from the anterior compartment of the arm. This study sought to identify branches of radial nerve for brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles and its clinical value during surgery. Dissection was performed in 60 arms, from 30 corpses selected from the Human Anatomy Laboratories of Universidade Estadual de Ciências da Saúde de Alagoas (UNCISAL). In each arm, three segments of the same proportion were considered (proximal, middle and distal) in order to observe the number of radial nerve branches to brachialis and coracobrachialis muscles. Branches were identified in 4 of the 60 upper limb (6.66%) with the following distribution: nerve with 1 branch to the brachialis muscle in the distal third (1.66%); with 1 branch to the middle third of the coracobrachialis (1.66%) and 5 branches to the coracobrachialis muscle in the proximal third; 1 branch being found in an upper limb (1.66 %) and 4 branches in the other upper limb (1.66 %). The event was not bilaterally in the same body, and in four cases there was no branching, but only communication with other terminal nerves of the brachial plexus. In conclusion, although most authors do not describe the possibility of the occurrence of radial nerve branches to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm, this condition exists as an anatomical variation.

El nervio radial es un ramo terminal del plexo braquial que inerva el compartimiento posterior del miembro superior. Diversos estudios han mostrado que sus ramos pueden contribuir a la inervación de los músculos del compartimiento anterior del brazo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar ramos del nervio radial dirigidos a los músculos braquial y coracobraquial y su importancia clínica durante las cirugías. Para ello, se disecaron 60 brazos de 30 cuerpos formolizados en los Laboratorios de Anatomía Humana de la Universidad Estadual de Ciencias de la Salud de Alagoas, Brasil (UNCISAL). En cada brazo, se consideraron tres partes de similares proporciones (proximal, medio y distal) para localizar los ramos dirigidos a los músculos mencionados. En 4 de los 60 brazos (6,66%) se identificaron ramos con la siguiente distribución: un ramo para el músculo braquial en el tercio distal (1,66%); un ramo para el tercio medio del músculo coracobraquial (1,66%) y cinco ramos para este mismo músculo en su tercio proximal; en otro miembro (1,66%)se encontró solo un ramo y en la otra muestra (1,66%) se encontraron cuatro ramos. Ninguno de los casos fue bilateral y en los cuatro casos no había ninguna ramificación. No hubo comunicación con el nervio musculocutáneo pero si con otros ramos del plexo braquial. Aunque la mayoría de los autores no describe la posibilidad de que el nervio radial inerve a los músculos anteriores del brazo, esta disposición existe como una variación anatómica.

No processo de síntese da zeólita A decidiu-se testar uma matéria-prima alternativa e mais econômica como fonte de sílica e alumínio, pela utilização de rejeitos da indústria do caulim para papel. As zeólitas são substâncias cristalinas com estrutura caracterizada por um arcabouço de tetraedros interligados, cada um consistindo de quatro átomos de oxigênio envolvendo um cátion. O desenvolvimento de processos de síntese de zeólitas desperta um grande interesse para utilização nas áreas de purificação, catálise e adsorção. Os materiais de partida para a síntese da zeólita A constituíram-se de rejeitos de beneficiamento de caulim para papel de empresas do estado do Pará. A zeólita foi obtida após calcinação em 85 e 110 ºC durante 24 h. A caracterização dos materiais de partida foi feita por difração de raios X, análise química, análise térmica gravimétrica e térmica diferencial, e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A caracterização da zeólita A foi feita por difração de raios X e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os rejeitos de caulim utilizados como materiais precursores mostraram ser compostos essencialmente pelo mineral caulinita. Para as temperaturas e tempo empregados na síntese foi possível a formação da fase cristalina da zeólita A, para os dois materiais precursores.

Raw materials were used to synthesize zeolite A as an alternative and more economical source of silica and aluminum, using waste from the kaolin of the paper industry. Zeolites are crystalline substances with a structure characterized by a framework of linked tetrahedra, each one consisting of four oxygen atoms surrounding a cation. The development of processes for the synthesis of zeolites is of great interest for use in the areas of purification, adsorption and catalysis.The starting materials for the synthesis of zeolite A consisted of wastes from kaolin beneficiation of paper companies of Pará state, Brazil.The zeolite was obtained after calcination at 85 and 110 ºC during 24 h.The chracterization of the starting material was performed by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy.The characterization of zeolite A was done by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The kaolin waste used as starting material showed to be essentially kaolinite mineral. For the temperatures and time used in the synthesis it was possible to form the crystalline phase of zeolite A for the two starting materials.

Adsorption and regeneration of ion exchange resins were studied using a subcritical solution of a CO2-H2O mixture and a fixed bed column. The commercial Amberlite IRC-50/IRC-86 cation exchange resins and Amberlite IRA-67 anion exchange resin were tested for heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd) adsorption from a solution with different initial metal concentrations at different temperatures. After adsorption, the loaded resins were regenerated with water and carbon dioxide at different temperatures and a pressure of 25 MPa. The efficiency of the IRC-50 resin was lower than that of the IRC-86 resin for the adsorption of metals like Cd, Cu and Pb. Results obtained for desorption of these metals indicated that the process could be used for Cd and in principle for Cu. Sorption of metal ions depended strongly on feed concentration. Mathematical modeling of the metal desorption process was carried out successfully as an extraction process. For this purpose, the VTII Model, which is applied to extraction from solids using supercritical solvents, was used in this work.